What is Time Zone Conversion?
Time zone conversion is the process of translating a date and time from one geographic time zone to another. The Earth is divided into 24 primary time zones, each roughly 15 degrees of longitude wide, but political boundaries make the actual map far more complex. India uses a single time zone offset of UTC+5:30 for the entire country -- a half-hour offset that does not align with the 15-degree grid. Nepal uses UTC+5:45, a quarter-hour offset. China spans five geographic time zones but uses a single official time (UTC+8). These irregularities mean you cannot simply add or subtract whole hours to convert between zones. You need a database of rules, and that database changes every year as governments adjust their time policies.
The IANA Time Zone Database -- also called the Olson database or tz database -- is the authoritative source for time zone definitions. It is maintained by a volunteer community and published at iana.org/time-zones. Every operating system, programming language, and database engine uses some version of this database. Time zones are identified by region/city strings like America/New_York, Europe/London, and Asia/Tokyo rather than abbreviations like EST or GMT. The reason for this is that abbreviations are ambiguous -- CST could mean Central Standard Time (UTC-6), China Standard Time (UTC+8), or Cuba Standard Time (UTC-5). The IANA identifiers are unambiguous because they reference a specific location whose rules are fully documented.
Daylight Saving Time adds another layer of complexity. Over 70 countries observe DST in some form, but the start and end dates vary by country and sometimes by region within a country. The United States springs forward on the second Sunday of March and falls back on the first Sunday of November. The European Union changes on the last Sundays of March and October. Australia -- in the southern hemisphere -- adjusts in the opposite direction, starting DST in October and ending in April. And some regions have abolished DST entirely: Arizona does not observe it (except for the Navajo Nation, which does). A proper time zone converter accounts for all of these rules, including historical changes, so that past dates are converted correctly.