What Is Currency Conversion?
Currency conversion is the process of exchanging one national currency for another at a determined rate. That rate — the exchange rate — represents how much of one currency you need to buy a single unit of another. If the USD/KRW rate is 1,300, you need 1,300 Korean won to purchase one US dollar. Exchange rates fluctuate continuously during trading hours, driven by supply and demand in the global foreign exchange market. This market — commonly called forex or FX — is the largest and most liquid financial market on the planet, with daily trading volume regularly exceeding 7 trillion USD. Central banks, commercial banks, hedge funds, corporations, and individual travelers all participate in this market, though their motivations and transaction sizes differ enormously.
Several types of exchange rates exist, and understanding the differences matters when you are converting money. The spot rate is the current market price for immediate delivery — typically settled within two business days. The forward rate is a price agreed upon today for a currency exchange that will occur at a specified future date. Forward rates embed expectations about interest rate differentials between two countries, a relationship described by covered interest rate parity. Cross rates are exchange rates derived indirectly through a third currency. If you know the USD/KRW rate and the USD/JPY rate, you can calculate the KRW/JPY cross rate without needing a direct quote. Banks and brokers also quote bid and ask prices — the bid is what they will pay to buy a currency from you, and the ask is what they will charge to sell it to you. The gap between them — the spread — is one way financial institutions earn revenue on currency transactions.
For individuals, currency conversion most commonly arises during international travel, overseas remittances, foreign online purchases, and investment in foreign-denominated assets. Each scenario involves different costs. Airport kiosks typically offer the widest spreads — sometimes 5% to 8% worse than the mid-market rate. Banks offer better rates but may charge flat transaction fees. Online remittance services and fintech platforms often provide rates closest to the mid-market rate with transparent fee structures. Knowing where to look and how to read a quote can save you a meaningful percentage on every transaction.